Practical Ontology Pattern Instantiation, Discovery, and Maintanence with Reasonable Ontology Templates

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Practical Ontology Pattern Instantiation, Discovery, and Maintanence with Reasonable Ontology Templates

Online companion demonstration to ISWC 2018 paper.

1 Introduction

The demo will show how templates and instances are specifies - using different formats, the result of their expansion, and how templates may be analysed for different imperfections.

The source of this demo is available at the open git repository https://gitlab.com/ottr/pub/iswc2018-demo. It contains:

the OTTR templates and OTTR template instances found on this page
a script that
- downloads the Java jar executables necessary to run the demo locally
- executes all the executable examples found on this page
this page
the org-mode source file for all the above

1.1 OTTR Serialisations

In this demonstration we will show OTTR templates and instances using different serialisations:

stOTTR
wOTTR
tabOTTR

1.1.1 stOTTR

stOTTR is a compact way of representing templates and instances that is also easy to read and write. A BNF specification of the language is available at https://gitlab.com/ottr/language/stOTTR/blob/master/stOTTR-BNF.md

1.1.2 wOTTR

To enable truly practical use of OTTR for OWL ontology engineering, we have developed a special-purpose RDF/OWL vocabulary, called wOTTR, with which OTTR templates can be formulated. This has the benefit that we can leverage the existing stack of W3C languages and tools for developing, publishing, and maintaining templates. The wOTTR format supports writing Triple Template instances as regular RDF triples. This means that a pattern represented by an RDF graph or RDF/OWL ontology can easily be turned into an OTTR template by simply specifying the name of the template and its parameters with the wOTTR vocabulary. Furthermore, this means that we can make use of existing ontology editors and reasoners to construct and verify the soundness of templates. The wOTTR representation has been developed to closely resemble stOTTR. It uses RDF resources to represent parameters and arguments, and RDF lists (which have a convenient formatting in Turtle syntax) for lists of parameters and arguments. The vocabulary is published at http://ns.ottr.xyz/.

1.1.3 tabOTTR

tabOTTR is developed particularly for representing large sets template instances in tabular formats such as spreadsheets, and is intended for domain expert use. A specification of tabOTTR is available at https://gitlab.com/ottr/language/tabOTTR/builds/artifacts/develop/file/tabOTTR.html?job=build-job

1.2 OTTR library and online web application

The "official" OTTR template repository at http://library.ottr.xyz/ contains OTTR templates for expressing common RDF, RDFS and OWL patterns, including other example templates.

These templates are conveniently presented in an online library that is linked to the online web application

The web application displays the template, including visualisations of the pattern, links to dependant templates, and different formats which are generated from the template (some are experimental):

different expansions
SPARQL queries (SELECT, CONSTRUCT, UPDATE)
XSD+SAWSDL format
XML sample

1.3 Prefixes

In all the example code blocks the following prefixes are used.

### standard
@prefix rdf:  <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix owl:  <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix xsd:  <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .

### ottr prefixes:
@prefix ottr: <http://ns.ottr.xyz/templates#> .

@prefix t-owl-axiom: <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/axiom/> .
@prefix t-owl-rstr: <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/restriction/> .

### examples:
@prefix x1:     <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/axiom/SubClassOf#> .
@prefix x2:     <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/rdfs/ResourceDescription#> .

@prefix ex:     <http://example.org#> .

2 Templates and Instances

An OTTR template consists of a head and a body. The body represents a parameterised ontology pattern, and the head specifies the template's name and its parameters.

A template instance consists of a template name and a list of arguments that matches the parameters of the designated template, and represents a replica of the template's body pattern where parameters are replaced by the instance's arguments.

The template body comprises only template instances, i.e., the template pattern is recursively built up from other templates, under the constraint that cyclic template dependencies are not allowed.

There is one special base template, the Triple template, which takes three arguments. This template has no body but represents a single RDF triple in the obvious way.

Expanding an instance is the process of recursively replacing instances with the pattern they represent. This process terminates with an expression containing only Triple template instances, hence representing an RDF graph.

Simple template

The SubClassOf template is a simple representation of the rdfs:subClassOf relationship. It has two parameters x1:SubClass and x1:SuperClass, the resources representing the parameter variables may be given as a list. The code snippet below contains only the head of the template.

t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf a ottr:Template ;
   ottr:withVariables ( x1:SubClass x1:SuperClass ) .

The body of a template may in the RDF serialisation given as either template instances or as regular RDF triples. Below, on the left, the template is given with a body containing a single instance of a Triple template. On the right, the equivalent representation using regular RDF triples is used.

t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf a ottr:Template ;
   ottr:withVariables ( x1:SubClass x1:SuperClass ) .

[] ottr:templateRef <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/rdf/Triple> ;
   ottr:withValues ( x1:SubClass rdfs:subClassOf x1:SuperClass ) .

t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf a ottr:Template ;
   ottr:withVariables ( x1:SubClass x1:SuperClass ) .

x1:SubClass rdfs:subClassOf x1:Superclass .

Simple template instances

Instances of templates are given just as in templates bodies.


[] ottr:templateRef t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf ;
   ottr:withValues ( ex:Pizza ex:Food ) .
[] ottr:templateRef t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf ;
   ottr:withValues ( ex:Burger ex:Food ) .
[] ottr:templateRef t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf ;
   ottr:withValues ( ex:FishSoup ex:Food ) .

3 Lutra

Lutra is our Java implementation of the OTTR template macro expander is available as open source with an LGPL licence at http://gitlab.com/ottr/lutra/lutra. It can read and write templates and instances on the formats represented above and expand them into RDF graphs and OWL ontologies.

The Lutra CLI

This is the command line interface of Lutra.

java -jar lutra.jar

Unexpected exception: Missing required option: [-version Enable version mode., -expand Enable expand mode., -stottr Enable stottr mode., -tabottr Enable tabottr mode.]
usage: lutra -version|expand|stottr|tabottr [-in <file|IRI>] [-out <file>]
             [-lib <path> [-libExt <ext,..>]] [(flags)]
 -expand         Enable expand mode.
 -in <arg>       Path to optional input file or IRI. Defaults to stdin.
 -lib <arg>      Path to optional local template library root, read
                 recursively.
 -libExt <arg>   Comma-separated list of template file extensions to be
                 read from 'lib' (default: owl,rdf,ttl).
 -noCache        Disable caching.
 -noCheck        Disable various validation services, gives faster
                 processing.
 -noOWLOutput    Disable OWL API rendering of output.
 -out <arg>      Path to optional output file. Defaults to stout.
 -quiet          Disable logging.
 -stottr         Enable stottr mode.
 -tabottr        Enable tabottr mode.
 -version        Enable version mode.

Converting to stOTTR serialisation

Lutra can convert templates and template instances serialised as RDF into the stOTTR serialisation.

java -jar lutra.jar -stottr -in tpl/intro/SubClassOf1

@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix t-owl-axiom: <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/axiom/> .
@prefix t-rdf: <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/rdf/> .
@prefix x1: <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/axiom/SubClassOf#> .

t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf( t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf#SubClass : 1 , t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf#SuperClass : 1 )
  ::
  t-rdf:Triple( t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf#SubClass , rdfs:subClassOf , t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf#SuperClass ) .

Expanding simple template instances

Lutra can expand template instances.

java -jar lutra.jar -expand -in inst/intro/SubClassOf1Instances

@prefix rdfs:    <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix ex:      <http://example.org#> .

ex:Burger
      rdfs:subClassOf ex:Food .

ex:Pizza
      rdfs:subClassOf ex:Food .

ex:FishSoup
      rdfs:subClassOf ex:Food .

Expanding Template definition

Note also that templates can be expanded, i.e., expanding the instances in the body, hence resulting in a prototype of the pattern the template represents.

java -jar lutra.jar -expand -in tpl/intro/SubClassOf1

@prefix x1:      <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/axiom/SubClassOf#> .
@prefix rdfs:    <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix rdf:     <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix t-owl-axiom:  <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/axiom/> .
@prefix ottr:    <http://ns.ottr.xyz/templates#> .

x1:SubClass
      rdfs:subClassOf x1:SuperClass .

t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf
      a       ottr:Template ;
      ottr:withVariables (x1:SubClass x1:SuperClass) .

4 Parameter Types and Type checking

The type of the parameter specifies the permissible type of its arguments. The available types are limited to a specified set of classes and datatypes defined in the XSD, RDF, RDFS, and OWL specifications, e.g,. xsd:integer, rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource and owl:ObjectProperty.

The OWL ontology available at http://ns.ottr.xyz/templates-term-types.owl declares all permissible types and organises them in a hierarchy of subtypes and incompatible types, e.g., owl:ObjectProperty is a subtype of rdf:Property and xsd:integer and rdf:Property are incompatible. The most general and default type is rdfs:Resource.

This information is used to type check template instantiations; a parameter may not be instantiated by an argument with an incompatible type.

Declaring parameter types

Parameter types are specified by using dedicated properties. In order to do so, the parameters of the templates must be explicitly represented (here as blank nodes), and are uniquely order with an index.

t-owl-axiom:SubClassOfTest1 a ottr:Template ;
   ottr:hasParameter 
     [ ottr:index 1 ; ottr:classVariable x1:SubClass ] ,
     [ ottr:index 2 ; ottr:classVariable x1:SuperClass ] .

[] ottr:templateRef <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/rdf/Triple> ;
   ottr:withValues ( x1:SubClass rdfs:subClassOf x1:SuperClass ) .

This is the stOTTR representation of the template:

@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix t-owl-axiom: <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/axiom/> .
@prefix t-rdf: <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/rdf/> .
@prefix x1: <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/axiom/SubClassOf#> .

t-owl-axiom:SubClassOfTest1( t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf#SubClass : 1 class , t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf#SuperClass : 1 class )
  ::
  t-rdf:Triple( t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf#SubClass , rdfs:subClassOf , t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf#SuperClass ) .

Instances for templates with explicitly typed parameters are given as usual:

[] ottr:templateRef t-owl-axiom:SubClassOfTest1 ;
   ottr:withValues ( ex:Pizza ex:Food ) .

Expanding the instance. To load the local template defined above, we use the -lib option with the folder of the templates to be loaded as argument. All templates, including subfolders (recursively), are loaded.

A warning is given when loading the local template since its IRI is different than it location.

java -jar lutra.jar -expand -lib tpl/types -in inst/types/SubClassOf3Instances -out inst/types/SubClassOf3Instances.out

0    [main] WARN  xyz.lutra.parser.TemplateLoader  - Template filename: 'tpl/types/SubClassOf3.ttl' is different from template name: 'http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/axiom/SubClassOfTest1"

This is the result of the expansion:

@prefix rdfs:    <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix ex:      <http://example.org#> .

ex:Pizza
      rdfs:subClassOf ex:Food .

An instance of the template with arguments that are incompatible with the type of the parameters will generate an error. In the following template instance the first argument is a literal, which cannot represent an OWL class.

[] ottr:templateRef t-owl-axiom:SubClassOfTest1 ;
   ottr:withValues ( "PizzaLiteral" ex:Food ) .

Expanding this instance gives the following exception:

Type error, expecting non literal for class variable, but found literal: PizzaLiteral

java -jar lutra.jar -expand -lib tpl/types -in inst/types/SubClassOf3Instances2

0    [main] WARN  xyz.lutra.parser.TemplateLoader  - Template filename: 'tpl/types/SubClassOf3.ttl' is different from template name: 'http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/axiom/SubClassOfTest1"
4369 [main] ERROR xyz.lutra.parser.ParserUtils  - Type error, expecting non literal for class variable, but found literal: PizzaLiteral
Exception in thread "main" xyz.lutra.model.IllegalSubstitutionException: The substitution induced by template instance 5189294c:163da53fa2d:-7ff9 of template http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/axiom/SubClassOfTest1 is illegal. Error building substitution  with parameters [1: 5189294c:163da53fa2d:-7fff, 2: 5189294c:163da53fa2d:-7ffe] and arguments ["PizzaLiteral"^^xsd:string, ex:Food].  Error for parameter 1: 5189294c:163da53fa2d:-7fff and argument "PizzaLiteral"^^xsd:string. Type error, expecting non literal for class variable, but found literal: PizzaLiteral
	at xyz.lutra.model.TemplateInstance.buildSubstitutions(TemplateInstance.java:57)
	at xyz.lutra.model.TemplateInstance.<init>(TemplateInstance.java:32)
	at xyz.lutra.parser.TemplateInstanceParser.parseTemplateInstance(TemplateInstanceParser.java:123)
	at xyz.lutra.parser.TemplateInstanceParser.parseTemplateInstances(TemplateInstanceParser.java:59)
	at xyz.lutra.parser.TemplateInstanceParser.parse(TemplateInstanceParser.java:46)
	at xyz.lutra.parser.TemplateInstanceParser.getTemplateInstances(TemplateInstanceParser.java:41)
	at xyz.lutra.Expander.expand(Expander.java:96)
	at xyz.lutra.Expander.expand(Expander.java:61)
	at xyz.lutra.Expander.expand(Expander.java:50)
	at xyz.lutra.cli.CLI.main(CLI.java:112)

5 Cardinalities

The cardinality of a parameter specifies the number of required arguments to the parameter. There are four cardinalities:

mandatory
optional
multiple
optional multiple, which is shorthand for mandatory and optional combined.

Mandatory is the default cardinality. Mandatory parameters require an argument, otherwise the instance is illegal.

Optional parameters permit a missing value; ottr:none designates this value. If ottr:none is an argument to a mandatory parameter of an instance, the instance is ignored and will not be included in the expansion.

A parameter with cardinality multiple requires a list as argument.

Parameters with cardinality optional multiple also accept ottr:none as a value and behave like optional arguments.

Optional parameters

The following template is handy for expressing RDFS annotations on resources. All parameters, except the mandatory resource parameter are optional.

<http://candidate.ottr.xyz/rdfs/ResourceDescription> a ottr:Template ;
    ottr:hasParameter
	[ ottr:index 1;  ottr:nonLiteralVariable  x2:resource ] ,
	[ ottr:index 2;  ottr:literalVariable     "label";      ottr:optional true ] ,
	[ ottr:index 3;  ottr:literalVariable     "comment";    ottr:optional true ] ,
	[ ottr:index 4;  ottr:variable            x2:seeOther;  ottr:optional true ] ,
	[ ottr:index 5;  ottr:variable            x2:defOther;  ottr:optional true ] .

x2:resource
    rdfs:label        "label" ;
    rdfs:comment      "comment" ;
    rdfs:seeAlso      x2:seeOther ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy  x2:defOther .

Example instances:

[] ottr:templateRef <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/rdfs/ResourceDescription> ;
   ottr:withValues ( ex:thing1 "label1" "comment1" ottr:none ottr:none ) .

[] ottr:templateRef <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/rdfs/ResourceDescription> ;
   ottr:withValues ( ex:thing2 "label2" ottr:none ex:seeOther2 ex:defOther2  ) .

[] ottr:templateRef <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/rdfs/ResourceDescription> ;
   ottr:withValues ( ex:thing3 ottr:none ottr:none ottr:none ottr:none ) .

This is the result of expanding these instances. ex:thing3 does not occur in the output since all triples are removed.

java -jar lutra.jar -expand -in inst/card/ResourceDescriptionInstances

@prefix rdfs:    <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix ex:      <http://example.org#> .

ex:thing2
      rdfs:isDefinedBy ex:defOther2 ;
      rdfs:label "label2" ;
      rdfs:seeAlso ex:seeOther2 .

ex:thing1
      rdfs:comment "comment1" ;
      rdfs:label "label1" .

Parameters with cardinality multiple

The multiple cardinality is useful for expression that naturally should accept multiple values. The EquivObjectUnionOf template expresses that a class is equivalent to a union of classes as according to the OWL specification.

The template directly depends on, i.e,. its body contains instances of, other templates which are available at their IRI address. Lutra fetches these template definitions on expansion.

t-owl-axiom:EquivObjectUnionOf a ottr:Template ;
    ottr:hasParameter :pRestriction, :pList .

:pRestriction   ottr:index 1;  ottr:classVariable  :xRestriction .
:pList          ottr:index 2;  ottr:listVariable    ( :item1 :item2 ) .

[] ottr:templateRef t-owl-axiom:EquivalentClass ;
   ottr:withValues ( :xRestriction _:restriction ) .

[] ottr:templateRef t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf ;
    ottr:withValues ( _:restriction ( :item1 :item2 ) ) .

An example instance:

[] ottr:templateRef t-owl-axiom:EquivObjectUnionOf ;
   ottr:withValues ( ex:MyFood ( ex:Pizza ex:Burger ex:FishSoup) ) .

This expands to:

java -jar lutra.jar -expand -in inst/card/EquivObjectUnionOfInstances

@prefix ex:      <http://example.org#> .
@prefix owl:     <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdf:     <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .

ex:MyFood
      a       owl:Class ;
      owl:equivalentClass
              [ a       owl:Class ;
                owl:unionOf (ex:Pizza ex:Burger ex:FishSoup)
              ] .

6 Expansion Modes

Instances of templates that accept list arguments may be used together with an expansion mode. The mode indicates that the list arguments will in the expansion be used to generate multiple instances of the template.

The instances to be generated are calculated by temporarily considering all arguments to the instance as lists, where single value arguments become singular lists. Currently only one mode, cross mode, is implemented, but others are possible. In cross mode, one instance per element in the cross product of the temporary lists is generated

List arguments used without an expansion mode behave just like regular arguments.

Expansion mode

To illustrate the effect of using expansion mode, we introduce three different variants of the SubClassOf template and show the results of an example instance.

SubClassOfTest1 accepts a list of superclasses:

t-owl-axiom:SubClassOfTest1 a ottr:Template ;
   ottr:hasParameter 
     [ ottr:index 1 ; ottr:classVariable x1:SubClass ] ,
     [ ottr:index 2 ; ottr:listVariable ( x1:SuperClasses ) ] .

[] ottr:templateRef t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf ;
   ottr:hasArgument
	[ ottr:index 1; ottr:value x1:SubClass ] ,
	[ ottr:index 2; ottr:eachValue ( x1:SuperClasses ) ] .

Example instance:

[] ottr:templateRef t-owl-axiom:SubClassOfTest1 ;
   ottr:withValues ( ex:MyFood ( ex:Pizza ex:Burger ex:FishSoup) ) .

Expansion:

java -jar lutra.jar -quiet -expand -lib tpl/mode -in tpl/mode/SubClassOf1Instances

@prefix rdfs:    <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix ex:      <http://example.org#> .

ex:MyFood
      rdfs:subClassOf ex:Burger , ex:Pizza , ex:FishSoup .

SubClassOfTest2 accepts a list of subclasses:

t-owl-axiom:SubClassOfTest2 a ottr:Template ;
   ottr:hasParameter 
     [ ottr:index 1 ; ottr:listVariable ( x1:SubClasses ) ] ,
     [ ottr:index 2 ; ottr:classVariable x1:SuperClass ] .

[] ottr:templateRef t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf ;
   ottr:hasArgument
	[ ottr:index 1; ottr:eachValue ( x1:SubClasses ) ] ,
	[ ottr:index 2; ottr:value x1:SuperClass ] .

Example instance:

[] ottr:templateRef t-owl-axiom:SubClassOfTest2 ;
   ottr:withValues ( ( ex:Tropical ex:Pepperoni ex:Grandiosa ) ex:Pizza ) .

Expansion:

java -jar lutra.jar -quiet -expand -lib tpl/mode -in tpl/mode/SubClassOf2Instances

@prefix rdfs:    <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix ex:      <http://example.org#> .

ex:Grandiosa
      rdfs:subClassOf ex:Pizza .

ex:Pepperoni
      rdfs:subClassOf ex:Pizza .

ex:Tropical
      rdfs:subClassOf ex:Pizza .

SubClassOfTest3 accepts a list of subclasses and a a list of superclasses

t-owl-axiom:SubClassOfTest3 a ottr:Template ;
   ottr:hasParameter 
     [ ottr:index 1 ; ottr:listVariable ( x1:SubClasses ) ] ,
     [ ottr:index 2 ; ottr:listVariable ( x1:SuperClasses ) ] .

[] ottr:templateRef t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf ;
   ottr:hasArgument
	[ ottr:index 1; ottr:eachValue ( x1:SubClasses ) ] ,
	[ ottr:index 2; ottr:eachValue ( x1:SuperClasses ) ] .

Example instance:

[] ottr:templateRef t-owl-axiom:SubClassOfTest3 ;
   ottr:withValues ( ( ex:A1 ex:A2 ex:A3) ( ex:B1 ex:B2 ex:B3 ) ) .

Expansion:

java -jar lutra.jar -quiet -expand -lib tpl/mode -in tpl/mode/SubClassOf3Instances

@prefix rdfs:    <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix ex:      <http://example.org#> .

ex:A3
      rdfs:subClassOf ex:B3 , ex:B2 , ex:B1 .

ex:A2
      rdfs:subClassOf ex:B3 , ex:B2 , ex:B1 .

ex:A1
      rdfs:subClassOf ex:B3 , ex:B2 , ex:B1 .

7 Combining features: NamedPizza

This section illustrates the example used in the demo paper, the NamedPizza template

It is available at its IRI: http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza. This page displays the template in different serialisations, lists its dependencies, visualises its prototypical pattern, and provides links to other available formats that can be generated from an OTTR template.

NamedPizza

This is the wOTTR serialisation of the NamedPizza template.

<http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza> a ottr:Template ;
  ottr:hasParameter
     [ ottr:index 1 ; ottr:classVariable :pizza ] ,
     [ ottr:index 2 ; ottr:individualVariable :country; ottr:optional true ] ,
     [ ottr:index 3 ; ottr:listVariable (:toppings) ]  .

[] ottr:templateRef <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/axiom/SubClassOf> ;
   ottr:withValues ( :pizza p:NamedPizza ) .

[] ottr:templateRef <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/axiom/SubObjectSomeValuesFrom> ;
   ottr:hasArgument
	[ ottr:index 1; ottr:value :pizza ] ,
	[ ottr:index 2; ottr:value p:hasTopping ] ,
	[ ottr:index 3; ottr:eachValue (:toppings) ] .

[] ottr:templateRef <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/axiom/SubObjectHasValue> ;
   ottr:withValues ( :pizza p:hasCountryOfOrigin :country ) .

[] ottr:templateRef <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/axiom/SubObjectAllValuesFrom> ;
   ottr:withValues ( :pizza p:hasTopping _:alltoppings ) .

[] ottr:templateRef <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/restriction/ObjectUnionOf> ;
   ottr:withValues ( _:alltoppings (:toppings) ) .

Its stOTTR serialisation; note that we are reading the template definition from its IRI, where the template is published.

java -jar lutra.jar -stottr -in http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza

@prefix : <http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza#> .
@prefix p: <http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl#> .
@prefix t-owl-axiom: <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/axiom/> .
@prefix t-owl-rstr: <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/restriction/> .

http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza( :pizza : 1 class , :country : ? individual , <:toppings> : + list )
  ::
  t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf( :pizza , p:NamedPizza )
  t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom( :pizza , p:hasTopping , _:b1 )
  t-owl-axiom:SubObjectHasValue( :pizza , p:hasCountryOfOrigin , :country )
  X  | t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom( :pizza , p:hasTopping , <:toppings> )
  t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf( _:b1 , <:toppings> ) .

Example instance containing three pizzas. Note that the file specifies that it is an OWL ontology.

[] a owl:Ontology .

[] ottr:templateRef <http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza> ;
   ottr:withValues ( ex:Grandiosa ottr:none ( ex:Tomato ex:Jarlsberg ex:Ham ex:SweetPepper ) ) .
[] ottr:templateRef <http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza> ;
   ottr:withValues ( ex:Margherita ex:Italy ( ex:Tomato ex:Mozzarella ) ) .
[] ottr:templateRef <http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza> ;
   ottr:withValues ( ex:Tropical ex:Hawaii ( ex:Tomato ex:Cheese ex:Pineapple ex:Ham ) ) .

The result of the expansion. The occurrence of the [] a owl:Ontology triple in the input, causes Lutra to render the output using the OWLAPI; this can be disabled with the -noOWLOutput flag.

java -jar lutra.jar -expand -in tpl/pizza/NamedPizzaInstances

@prefix p: <http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl#> .
@prefix ex: <http://example.org#> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix xml: <http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@base <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .

[ rdf:type owl:Ontology
 ] .

#################################################################
#    Object Properties
#################################################################

###  http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl#hasCountryOfOrigin
p:hasCountryOfOrigin rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty .


###  http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl#hasTopping
p:hasTopping rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty .


#################################################################
#    Classes
#################################################################

###  http://example.org#Cheese
ex:Cheese rdf:type owl:Class .


###  http://example.org#Grandiosa
ex:Grandiosa rdf:type owl:Class ;
             rdfs:subClassOf p:NamedPizza ,
                             [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                               owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                               owl:someValuesFrom ex:Ham
                             ] ,
                             [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                               owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                               owl:someValuesFrom ex:Jarlsberg
                             ] ,
                             [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                               owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                               owl:someValuesFrom ex:SweetPepper
                             ] ,
                             [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                               owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                               owl:someValuesFrom ex:Tomato
                             ] ,
                             [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                               owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                               owl:allValuesFrom [ rdf:type owl:Class ;
                                                   owl:unionOf ( ex:Ham
                                                                 ex:Jarlsberg
                                                                 ex:SweetPepper
                                                                 ex:Tomato
                                                               )
                                                 ]
                             ] .


###  http://example.org#Ham
ex:Ham rdf:type owl:Class .


###  http://example.org#Jarlsberg
ex:Jarlsberg rdf:type owl:Class .


###  http://example.org#Margherita
ex:Margherita rdf:type owl:Class ;
              rdfs:subClassOf p:NamedPizza ,
                              [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                                owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                                owl:someValuesFrom ex:Mozzarella
                              ] ,
                              [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                                owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                                owl:someValuesFrom ex:Tomato
                              ] ,
                              [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                                owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                                owl:allValuesFrom [ rdf:type owl:Class ;
                                                    owl:unionOf ( ex:Mozzarella
                                                                  ex:Tomato
                                                                )
                                                  ]
                              ] ,
                              [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                                owl:onProperty p:hasCountryOfOrigin ;
                                owl:hasValue ex:Italy
                              ] .


###  http://example.org#Mozzarella
ex:Mozzarella rdf:type owl:Class .


###  http://example.org#Pineapple
ex:Pineapple rdf:type owl:Class .


###  http://example.org#SweetPepper
ex:SweetPepper rdf:type owl:Class .


###  http://example.org#Tomato
ex:Tomato rdf:type owl:Class .


###  http://example.org#Tropical
ex:Tropical rdf:type owl:Class ;
            rdfs:subClassOf p:NamedPizza ,
                            [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                              owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                              owl:someValuesFrom ex:Cheese
                            ] ,
                            [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                              owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                              owl:someValuesFrom ex:Ham
                            ] ,
                            [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                              owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                              owl:someValuesFrom ex:Pineapple
                            ] ,
                            [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                              owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                              owl:someValuesFrom ex:Tomato
                            ] ,
                            [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                              owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                              owl:allValuesFrom [ rdf:type owl:Class ;
                                                  owl:unionOf ( ex:Cheese
                                                                ex:Ham
                                                                ex:Pineapple
                                                                ex:Tomato
                                                              )
                                                ]
                            ] ,
                            [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ;
                              owl:onProperty p:hasCountryOfOrigin ;
                              owl:hasValue ex:Hawaii
                            ] .


###  http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl#NamedPizza
p:NamedPizza rdf:type owl:Class .


#################################################################
#    Individuals
#################################################################

###  http://example.org#Hawaii
ex:Hawaii rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual .


###  http://example.org#Italy
ex:Italy rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual .


###  Generated by the OWL API (version 0.1.6) https://github.com/owlcs/owlapi/

7.1 tabOTTR

The tabOTTR format is useful for compactly giving multiple instances of templates, and makes OTTR available to users who prefer working with tabular formats such as spreadsheets.

NamedPizza tabular input

The code block below is copy of one of the sheets in the Excel spreadsheet at tab/NamedPizza-instances.xlsx (available in the git repo: https://gitlab.com/ottr/pub/iswc2018-demo).

#OTTR	prefix	
owl	http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#	
rdf	http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#	
xsd	http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#	
rdfs	http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#	
ottr	http://ns.ottr.xyz/templates#	
	http://example.com#	
#OTTR	end	

#OTTR	template	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza
Pizza	Country	Toppings
1	2	3
iri	iri	iri+
:Margherita	:Italy	:Tomato|:Mozzarella
:Grandiosa	:Norway	:Tomato|:Jarlsberg|:Ham|:SweetPepper
:Hawaii		:Tomato|:Cheese|:Ham|:PineApple
:BigOne		:Tomato|:Cheese|:Ham
#OTTR	end

Lutra can expand the instances represented in tabOTTR format in the Excel file:

java -jar lutra.jar -tabottr -in tab/NamedPizza-instances.xlsx

@prefix :        <http://example.com#> .
@prefix p:       <http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl#> .
@prefix rdfs:    <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix owl:     <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix rdf:     <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .

:Cheese
      a       owl:Class .

:Pear
      a       owl:Class .

:PineApple
      a       owl:Class .

:Margherita
      rdfs:subClassOf p:NamedPizza ;
      rdfs:subClassOf
              [ a       owl:Restriction ;
                owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                owl:someValuesFrom :Tomato
              ] ;
      rdfs:subClassOf
              [ a       owl:Restriction ;
                owl:allValuesFrom
                        [ a       owl:Class ;
                          owl:unionOf (:Tomato :Mozzarella)
                        ] ;
                owl:onProperty p:hasTopping
              ] ;
      rdfs:subClassOf
              [ a       owl:Restriction ;
                owl:hasValue :Italy ;
                owl:onProperty p:hasCountryOfOrigin
              ] ;
      rdfs:subClassOf
              [ a       owl:Restriction ;
                owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                owl:someValuesFrom :Mozzarella
              ] .

p:hasTopping
      a       owl:ObjectProperty .

:Hawaii
      rdfs:subClassOf p:NamedPizza ;
      rdfs:subClassOf
              [ a       owl:Restriction ;
                owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                owl:someValuesFrom :Tomato
              ] ;
      rdfs:subClassOf
              [ a       owl:Restriction ;
                owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                owl:someValuesFrom :Cheese
              ] ;
      rdfs:subClassOf
              [ a       owl:Restriction ;
                owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                owl:someValuesFrom :PineApple
              ] ;
      rdfs:subClassOf
              [ a       owl:Restriction ;
                owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                owl:someValuesFrom :Ham
              ] ;
      rdfs:subClassOf
              [ a       owl:Restriction ;
                owl:allValuesFrom
                        [ a       owl:Class ;
                          owl:unionOf (:Tomato :Cheese :Ham :PineApple)
                        ] ;
                owl:onProperty p:hasTopping
              ] .

:Grandiosa
      rdfs:subClassOf p:NamedPizza ;
      rdfs:subClassOf
              [ a       owl:Restriction ;
                owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                owl:someValuesFrom :Tomato
              ] ;
      rdfs:subClassOf
              [ a       owl:Restriction ;
                owl:allValuesFrom
                        [ a       owl:Class ;
                          owl:unionOf (:Tomato :Jarlsberg :Ham :SweetPepper)
                        ] ;
                owl:onProperty p:hasTopping
              ] ;
      rdfs:subClassOf
              [ a       owl:Restriction ;
                owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                owl:someValuesFrom :Ham
              ] ;
      rdfs:subClassOf
              [ a       owl:Restriction ;
                owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                owl:someValuesFrom :Jarlsberg
              ] ;
      rdfs:subClassOf
              [ a       owl:Restriction ;
                owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                owl:someValuesFrom :SweetPepper
              ] ;
      rdfs:subClassOf
              [ a       owl:Restriction ;
                owl:hasValue :Norway ;
                owl:onProperty p:hasCountryOfOrigin
              ] .

:Apple
      a       owl:Class .

:Jarlsberg
      a       owl:Class .

:TuttiFrutti
      rdfs:subClassOf p:NamedPizza ;
      rdfs:subClassOf
              [ a       owl:Restriction ;
                owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                owl:someValuesFrom :Tomato
              ] ;
      rdfs:subClassOf
              [ a       owl:Restriction ;
                owl:allValuesFrom
                        [ a       owl:Class ;
                          owl:unionOf (:Tomato :Apple :Pear)
                        ] ;
                owl:onProperty p:hasTopping
              ] ;
      rdfs:subClassOf
              [ a       owl:Restriction ;
                owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                owl:someValuesFrom :Apple
              ] ;
      rdfs:subClassOf
              [ a       owl:Restriction ;
                owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                owl:someValuesFrom :Pear
              ] .

:BigOne
      rdfs:subClassOf p:NamedPizza ;
      rdfs:subClassOf
              [ a       owl:Restriction ;
                owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                owl:someValuesFrom :Cheese
              ] ;
      rdfs:subClassOf
              [ a       owl:Restriction ;
                owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                owl:someValuesFrom :Ham
              ] ;
      rdfs:subClassOf
              [ a       owl:Restriction ;
                owl:onProperty p:hasTopping ;
                owl:someValuesFrom :Tomato
              ] ;
      rdfs:subClassOf
              [ a       owl:Restriction ;
                owl:allValuesFrom
                        [ a       owl:Class ;
                          owl:unionOf (:Tomato :Cheese :Ham)
                        ] ;
                owl:onProperty p:hasTopping
              ] .

p:hasCountryOfOrigin
      a       owl:ObjectProperty .

:Tomato
      a       owl:Class .

:SweetPepper
      a       owl:Class .

:Ham  a       owl:Class .

:Mozzarella
      a       owl:Class .

7.2 Generated formats from OTTR templates

Other formats from templates

This example illustrates some of the formats that may be generated from the NamedPizza template.

SPARQL SELECT query of pattern

SELECT  *
WHERE
  { _:b0      owl:allValuesFrom   _:b3 ;
	      owl:onProperty      p:hasTopping ;
	      rdf:type            owl:Restriction .
    _:b1      owl:hasValue        ?param2 ;
	      owl:onProperty      p:hasCountryOfOrigin ;
	      rdf:type            owl:Restriction .
    _:b2      owl:onProperty      p:hasTopping ;
	      owl:someValuesFrom  ?param3item ;
	      rdf:type            owl:Restriction .
    _:b3      owl:unionOf         ?param3 ;
	      rdf:type            owl:Class .
    ?param1   rdfs:subClassOf     _:b0 ;
	      rdfs:subClassOf     _:b1 ;
	      rdfs:subClassOf     _:b2 ;
	      rdfs:subClassOf     p:NamedPizza .
    ?param3item  rdf:type         owl:Class .
    p:hasCountryOfOrigin
	      rdf:type            owl:ObjectProperty .
    p:hasTopping  rdf:type        owl:ObjectProperty .
    ?param3  (rdf:rest)*/rdf:first ?param3item
  }

Also available at http://osl.ottr.xyz/lifting/select/?tpl=http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza

XSD+SAWSDL description of template head:

Available at http://osl.ottr.xyz/format/head/xml/?tpl=http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza

XML sample of template head:

Available at http://osl.ottr.xyz/sample/head/xml/?tpl=http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza

8 Finding Redundancies

We here present redundancies in template libraries and our method of finding and fixing them. We here work with two types of redundancy: a lack of reuse of existing templates and recurring patterns not captured by templates within the library. If the body of a template T is a subset of another template R's body, assuming an appropriate substitution of the variables of T, then R has a lack of reuse of T. On the other hand, a pattern of template instances might occur across multiple templates without there being any template having this pattern as a body. This type of redundancy is called an uncaptured pattern. A lack of reuse can be fixed by simply substituting the offending instances in R by an appropriate instance of T. To fix a redundancy resulting from an uncaptured pattern, we first have to introduce a new template that has the recurring pattern as its body and then refactor out the redundancy.

A naive method for finding the two types of redundancy based on direct unification of subsets of the template's bodies is infeasible for large template libraries. We have therefore developed an efficient method for finding lack of reuse and uncaptured patterns, which over-approximates the results of unification based on the notion of a dependency pair, which intuitively captures repeated use of templates without considering parameters. A dependency pair is a pair of a multiset of templates I and a set of templates T, such that all templates in T have at least as many occurences of each template in I as they occur in I in its body. The idea is that I then describes a pattern that is used in the templates T. In order to also detect patterns containing different Triple instances, we treat a Triple instance (s, p, o) as an instance of the form p(s,o) and thus p as a template.

For each template t in T in each dependency pair (I, T) we can construct a suggestion of a new template s by extracting the instances in t's body corresponding to the instances in I, making all parameters and constants (except blank nodes only occuring in the pattern) in this set of instances a parameter. For each such template s we have one of three cases: (1) the body of this template does not represent a repeated pattern in the other templates of T; (2) s is equal to an already existing template, in which case we have found an instance of lack of reuse in all the other template of T which shares the pattern; (3) we have found an uncaptured pattern represented which is remedied by the introduction of s.

The following examples demonstrates the method for finding redundancies in a template library. The template library used in the example is found in the folder redundancy-templates/.

The analysis program is not available as open source and is therefore packaged in a separate jar file.

Analysis of example patterns

In the following example, only the patterns from the above mentioned paper is presented.

The program first outputs the template definitions loaded into the library. Then it prints each dependency pair found from the loaded templates; here is an example:

Pattern
	t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf:1
	t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom:1
	t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom:1
	t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf:1
occurs in
	http://example.org/Burger
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza

This dependency pair shows that both the templates pz:NamedPizza and ex:Burger contain one instance (denoted by the trailing integer :1) of each of the templates t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf, t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom, t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom and t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf.

The dependency pair is followed by the template suggestions constructed from that dependency pair. Here it removes duplicate suggestions via unification of templates. The suggested template from this dependency pair is:

[name68_0](:subject, :hasCondiment, <:condiments>, ex:Burger) ::
    x | t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom(:subject, :hasCondiment, <:condiments>)
    t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:subject, ex:Burger)
    t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf(25134aae:163da50f911:-7f93, <:condiments>)
    t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom(:subject, :hasCondiment, 25134aae:163da50f911:-7f93)

Finally, if there are any lack of reuse captured by this dependency pair, these are reported:

http://example.org/Burger has a lack of reuse of http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza

Below is the complete output from analysing the templates:

java -jar findPatterns.jar -p redundancy-templates/

======================================
==========~Templates~=================
======================================

@prefix :  <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/axiom/SubClassOf#> .
@prefix t-rdf:  <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/rdf/> .
@prefix owl:  <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix xsd:  <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix skos:  <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
@prefix rdfs:  <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix t-owl-rstr:  <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/restriction/> .
@prefix t-owl-ax:  <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/axiom/> .
@prefix p:  <http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl#> .
@prefix ex:  <http://example.org/#> .
@prefix rdf:  <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix t-owl-axiom:  <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/axiom/> .
@prefix ottr:  <http://ns.ottr.xyz/templates#> .
@prefix t-owl-atom:  <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/atom/> .

t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom(:xClass, :xProperty, :xRange) ::
    t-owl-rstr:ObjectAllValuesFrom(-17351486:163da54f4a0:-7f7b, :xProperty, :xRange)
    t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:xClass, -17351486:163da54f4a0:-7f7b)


t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf(:xRestriction, <:item1,:item2>) ::
    t-owl-atom:TypedListRelation(:xRestriction, owl:Class, owl:unionOf, <:item1,:item2>)


http://example.org/BurgerMeal(:subject, <:sides>) ::
    t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom(:subject, :hasSide, -17351486:163da54f4a0:-7fa8)
    t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf(-17351486:163da54f4a0:-7fa8, <:sides>)
    t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom(:subject, :hasMain, ex:Burger)


http://example.org/Burger(:subject, <:condiments>, <label>, prefLabel : ?, definition : ?) ::
    x | t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom(:subject, :hasCondiment, <:condiments>)
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:definition, definition)
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:prefLabel, prefLabel)
    t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf(-17351486:163da54f4a0:-7f93, <:condiments>)
    t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:subject, ex:Burger)
    x | t-rdf:Triple(:subject, rdfs:label, <label>)
    t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom(:subject, :hasCondiment, -17351486:163da54f4a0:-7f93)


t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom(:xClass, :xProperty, :xRange) ::
    t-owl-rstr:ObjectSomeValuesFrom(-17351486:163da54f4a0:-7fef, :xProperty, :xRange)
    t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:xClass, -17351486:163da54f4a0:-7fef)


t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:xSubClass, :xSuperClass) ::
    t-rdf:Triple(:xSubClass, rdf:type, owl:Class)
    t-rdf:Triple(:xSuperClass, rdf:type, owl:Class)
    t-rdf:Triple(:xSubClass, rdfs:subClassOf, :xSuperClass)


http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza(:pizza, <:toppings>) ::
    t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:pizza, p:NamedPizza)
    t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom(:pizza, p:hasTopping, -17351486:163da54f4a0:-7fd6)
    t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf(-17351486:163da54f4a0:-7fd6, <:toppings>)
    x | t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom(:pizza, p:hasTopping, <:toppings>)


http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/Annotation(:subject, <label>, prefLabel, definition) ::
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:definition, definition)
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:prefLabel, prefLabel)
    x | t-rdf:Triple(:subject, rdfs:label, <label>)


http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/AnnotatedPizza(:subject, <label>, prefLabel : ?, definition : ?) ::
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:prefLabel, prefLabel)
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:definition, definition)
    t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:subject, p:Pizza)
    x | t-rdf:Triple(:subject, rdfs:label, <label>)

Checking for redundancy...  Done
Following redundancies found:

======================================
==========~Dependency Pair~===========
======================================

Pattern
	t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf:1
	t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom:1
	t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom:1
	t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf:1
occurs in
	http://example.org/Burger
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza

===~Suggested templates~===

[name68_0](:subject, :hasCondiment, <:condiments>, ex:Burger) ::
    x | t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom(:subject, :hasCondiment, <:condiments>)
    t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf(-17351486:163da54f4a0:-7f93, <:condiments>)
    t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:subject, ex:Burger)
    t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom(:subject, :hasCondiment, -17351486:163da54f4a0:-7f93)

===~Lack of reuse~===

http://example.org/Burger has a lack of reuse of http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza

======================================
==========~Dependency Pair~===========
======================================

Pattern
	skos:definition:1
	rdfs:label:1
	skos:prefLabel:1
occurs in
	http://example.org/Burger
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/Annotation
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/AnnotatedPizza

===~Suggested templates~===

[name63_1](<label>, :subject, prefLabel, definition) ::
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:definition, definition)
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:prefLabel, prefLabel)
    x | t-rdf:Triple(:subject, rdfs:label, <label>)

===~Lack of reuse~===

http://example.org/Burger has a lack of reuse of http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/Annotation
http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/AnnotatedPizza has a lack of reuse of http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/Annotation

Analysis of all patterns

In this example we present all redundancies in the entire library.

java -jar findPatterns.jar -a redundancy-templates/

======================================
==========~Templates~=================
======================================

@prefix :  <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/axiom/SubClassOf#> .
@prefix t-rdf:  <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/rdf/> .
@prefix owl:  <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix xsd:  <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix skos:  <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
@prefix rdfs:  <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix t-owl-rstr:  <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/restriction/> .
@prefix t-owl-ax:  <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/axiom/> .
@prefix p:  <http://www.co-ode.org/ontologies/pizza/pizza.owl#> .
@prefix ex:  <http://example.org/#> .
@prefix rdf:  <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix t-owl-axiom:  <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/axiom/> .
@prefix ottr:  <http://ns.ottr.xyz/templates#> .
@prefix t-owl-atom:  <http://candidate.ottr.xyz/owl/atom/> .

t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom(:xClass, :xProperty, :xRange) ::
    t-owl-rstr:ObjectAllValuesFrom(-48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7f7b, :xProperty, :xRange)
    t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:xClass, -48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7f7b)


t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf(:xRestriction, <:item1,:item2>) ::
    t-owl-atom:TypedListRelation(:xRestriction, owl:Class, owl:unionOf, <:item1,:item2>)


http://example.org/BurgerMeal(:subject, <:sides>) ::
    t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf(-48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7fa8, <:sides>)
    t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom(:subject, :hasMain, ex:Burger)
    t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom(:subject, :hasSide, -48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7fa8)


http://example.org/Burger(:subject, <:condiments>, <label>, prefLabel : ?, definition : ?) ::
    x | t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom(:subject, :hasCondiment, <:condiments>)
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:definition, definition)
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:prefLabel, prefLabel)
    t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf(-48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7f93, <:condiments>)
    t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:subject, ex:Burger)
    x | t-rdf:Triple(:subject, rdfs:label, <label>)
    t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom(:subject, :hasCondiment, -48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7f93)


t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom(:xClass, :xProperty, :xRange) ::
    t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:xClass, -48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7fef)
    t-owl-rstr:ObjectSomeValuesFrom(-48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7fef, :xProperty, :xRange)


t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:xSubClass, :xSuperClass) ::
    t-rdf:Triple(:xSubClass, rdf:type, owl:Class)
    t-rdf:Triple(:xSuperClass, rdf:type, owl:Class)
    t-rdf:Triple(:xSubClass, rdfs:subClassOf, :xSuperClass)


http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza(:pizza, <:toppings>) ::
    t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf(-48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7fd6, <:toppings>)
    t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:pizza, p:NamedPizza)
    t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom(:pizza, p:hasTopping, -48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7fd6)
    x | t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom(:pizza, p:hasTopping, <:toppings>)


http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/Annotation(:subject, <label>, prefLabel, definition) ::
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:prefLabel, prefLabel)
    x | t-rdf:Triple(:subject, rdfs:label, <label>)
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:definition, definition)


http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/AnnotatedPizza(:subject, <label>, prefLabel : ?, definition : ?) ::
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:prefLabel, prefLabel)
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:definition, definition)
    x | t-rdf:Triple(:subject, rdfs:label, <label>)
    t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:subject, p:Pizza)

Checking for redundancy...  Done
Following redundancies found:

======================================
==========~Dependency Pair~===========
======================================

Pattern
	t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom:1
	t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom:1
	t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf:1
occurs in
	http://example.org/Burger
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza
	http://example.org/BurgerMeal

===~Suggested templates~===

[name36_0](:subject, :hasCondiment, <:condiments>) ::
    x | t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom(:subject, :hasCondiment, <:condiments>)
    t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf(-48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7f93, <:condiments>)
    t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom(:subject, :hasCondiment, -48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7f93)

[name36_2](:subject, <:sides>, :hasSide, :hasMain, ex:Burger) ::
    t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf(-48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7fa8, <:sides>)
    t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom(:subject, :hasMain, ex:Burger)
    t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom(:subject, :hasSide, -48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7fa8)

===~Lack of reuse~===

http://example.org/Burger has a lack of reuse of http://example.org/BurgerMeal
http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza has a lack of reuse of http://example.org/BurgerMeal

======================================
==========~Dependency Pair~===========
======================================

Pattern
	t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf:1
	t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom:1
	t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom:1
	t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf:1
occurs in
	http://example.org/Burger
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza

===~Suggested templates~===

[name68_0](:subject, :hasCondiment, <:condiments>, ex:Burger) ::
    x | t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom(:subject, :hasCondiment, <:condiments>)
    t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf(-48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7f93, <:condiments>)
    t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:subject, ex:Burger)
    t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom(:subject, :hasCondiment, -48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7f93)

===~Lack of reuse~===

http://example.org/Burger has a lack of reuse of http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza

======================================
==========~Dependency Pair~===========
======================================

Pattern
	t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf:1
	t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom:1
	t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom:1
occurs in
	http://example.org/Burger
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza

===~Suggested templates~===

[name41_0](:subject, :hasCondiment, ex:Burger, <:condiments>, -48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7f93) ::
    x | t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom(:subject, :hasCondiment, <:condiments>)
    t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:subject, ex:Burger)
    t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom(:subject, :hasCondiment, -48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7f93)


======================================
==========~Dependency Pair~===========
======================================

Pattern
	t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf:1
	t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom:1
occurs in
	http://example.org/Burger
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza

===~Suggested templates~===

[name10_1](p:hasTopping, p:NamedPizza, -48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7fd6, :pizza) ::
    t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:pizza, p:NamedPizza)
    t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom(:pizza, p:hasTopping, -48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7fd6)


======================================
==========~Dependency Pair~===========
======================================

Pattern
	t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf:1
	t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom:1
	t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf:1
occurs in
	http://example.org/Burger
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza

===~Suggested templates~===

[name42_1](p:hasTopping, p:NamedPizza, :pizza, <:toppings>) ::
    t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf(-48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7fd6, <:toppings>)
    t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:pizza, p:NamedPizza)
    t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom(:pizza, p:hasTopping, -48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7fd6)


======================================
==========~Dependency Pair~===========
======================================

Pattern
	t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf:1
	t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom:1
occurs in
	http://example.org/Burger
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza

===~Suggested templates~===

[name11_1](p:hasTopping, <:toppings>, p:NamedPizza, :pizza) ::
    t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:pizza, p:NamedPizza)
    x | t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom(:pizza, p:hasTopping, <:toppings>)


======================================
==========~Dependency Pair~===========
======================================

Pattern
	t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf:1
	skos:definition:1
	rdfs:label:1
	skos:prefLabel:1
occurs in
	http://example.org/Burger
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/AnnotatedPizza

===~Suggested templates~===

[name75_0](:subject, prefLabel : ?, definition : ?, <label>, ex:Burger) ::
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:definition, definition)
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:prefLabel, prefLabel)
    t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:subject, ex:Burger)
    x | t-rdf:Triple(:subject, rdfs:label, <label>)

===~Lack of reuse~===

http://example.org/Burger has a lack of reuse of http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/AnnotatedPizza

======================================
==========~Dependency Pair~===========
======================================

Pattern
	t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf:1
	t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf:1
occurs in
	http://example.org/Burger
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza

===~Suggested templates~===

[name12_0](:subject, <:condiments>, ex:Burger, -48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7f93) ::
    t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf(-48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7f93, <:condiments>)
    t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:subject, ex:Burger)


======================================
==========~Dependency Pair~===========
======================================

Pattern
	t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf:1
	rdfs:label:1
occurs in
	http://example.org/Burger
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/AnnotatedPizza

===~Suggested templates~===

[name13_0](:subject, ex:Burger, <label>) ::
    t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:subject, ex:Burger)
    x | t-rdf:Triple(:subject, rdfs:label, <label>)


======================================
==========~Dependency Pair~===========
======================================

Pattern
	t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf:1
	t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom:1
	t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf:1
occurs in
	http://example.org/Burger
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza

===~Suggested templates~===

[name45_1](p:hasTopping, <:toppings>, p:NamedPizza, -48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7fd6, :pizza) ::
    t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf(-48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7fd6, <:toppings>)
    t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:pizza, p:NamedPizza)
    x | t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom(:pizza, p:hasTopping, <:toppings>)


======================================
==========~Dependency Pair~===========
======================================

Pattern
	t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf:1
	skos:definition:1
occurs in
	http://example.org/Burger
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/AnnotatedPizza

===~Suggested templates~===

[name14_1](p:Pizza, :subject, definition : ?) ::
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:definition, definition)
    t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:subject, p:Pizza)


======================================
==========~Dependency Pair~===========
======================================

Pattern
	t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf:1
	skos:prefLabel:1
occurs in
	http://example.org/Burger
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/AnnotatedPizza

===~Suggested templates~===

[name15_0](:subject, prefLabel : ?, ex:Burger) ::
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:prefLabel, prefLabel)
    t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:subject, ex:Burger)


======================================
==========~Dependency Pair~===========
======================================

Pattern
	t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom:1
	t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom:1
occurs in
	http://example.org/Burger
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza
	http://example.org/BurgerMeal

===~Suggested templates~===

[name18_0](:subject, :hasCondiment, <:condiments>, -48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7f93) ::
    x | t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom(:subject, :hasCondiment, <:condiments>)
    t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom(:subject, :hasCondiment, -48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7f93)

[name18_2](:subject, :hasSide, :hasMain, -48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7fa8, ex:Burger) ::
    t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom(:subject, :hasMain, ex:Burger)
    t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom(:subject, :hasSide, -48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7fa8)


======================================
==========~Dependency Pair~===========
======================================

Pattern
	t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf:1
	skos:definition:1
	rdfs:label:1
occurs in
	http://example.org/Burger
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/AnnotatedPizza

===~Suggested templates~===

[name50_1](p:Pizza, :subject, definition : ?, <label>) ::
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:definition, definition)
    x | t-rdf:Triple(:subject, rdfs:label, <label>)
    t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:subject, p:Pizza)


======================================
==========~Dependency Pair~===========
======================================

Pattern
	t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom:1
	t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf:1
occurs in
	http://example.org/Burger
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza
	http://example.org/BurgerMeal

===~Suggested templates~===

[name19_2](:subject, :hasSide, <:sides>) ::
    t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf(-48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7fa8, <:sides>)
    t-owl-axiom:SubObjectAllValuesFrom(:subject, :hasSide, -48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7fa8)


======================================
==========~Dependency Pair~===========
======================================

Pattern
	t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf:1
	rdfs:label:1
	skos:prefLabel:1
occurs in
	http://example.org/Burger
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/AnnotatedPizza

===~Suggested templates~===

[name51_0](:subject, prefLabel : ?, <label>, ex:Burger) ::
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:prefLabel, prefLabel)
    t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:subject, ex:Burger)
    x | t-rdf:Triple(:subject, rdfs:label, <label>)


======================================
==========~Dependency Pair~===========
======================================

Pattern
	t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom:1
	t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf:1
occurs in
	http://example.org/Burger
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza
	http://example.org/BurgerMeal

===~Suggested templates~===

[name22_2](:subject, <:sides>, :hasMain, -48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7fa8, ex:Burger) ::
    t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf(-48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7fa8, <:sides>)
    t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom(:subject, :hasMain, ex:Burger)

[name22_1](p:hasTopping, -48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7fd6, :pizza, <:toppings>) ::
    t-owl-rstr:ObjectUnionOf(-48c2c56f:163da54fa86:-7fd6, <:toppings>)
    x | t-owl-axiom:SubObjectSomeValuesFrom(:pizza, p:hasTopping, <:toppings>)


======================================
==========~Dependency Pair~===========
======================================

Pattern
	t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf:1
	skos:definition:1
	skos:prefLabel:1
occurs in
	http://example.org/Burger
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/AnnotatedPizza

===~Suggested templates~===

[name54_1](p:Pizza, prefLabel : ?, :subject, definition : ?) ::
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:prefLabel, prefLabel)
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:definition, definition)
    t-owl-axiom:SubClassOf(:subject, p:Pizza)


======================================
==========~Dependency Pair~===========
======================================

Pattern
	skos:definition:1
	rdfs:label:1
occurs in
	http://example.org/Burger
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/Annotation
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/AnnotatedPizza

===~Suggested templates~===

[name27_2](:subject, definition : ?, <label>) ::
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:definition, definition)
    x | t-rdf:Triple(:subject, rdfs:label, <label>)


======================================
==========~Dependency Pair~===========
======================================

Pattern
	rdfs:label:1
	skos:prefLabel:1
occurs in
	http://example.org/Burger
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/Annotation
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/AnnotatedPizza

===~Suggested templates~===

[name28_2](prefLabel : ?, <label>, :subject) ::
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:prefLabel, prefLabel)
    x | t-rdf:Triple(:subject, rdfs:label, <label>)


======================================
==========~Dependency Pair~===========
======================================

Pattern
	skos:definition:1
	skos:prefLabel:1
occurs in
	http://example.org/Burger
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/Annotation
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/AnnotatedPizza

===~Suggested templates~===

[name31_2](prefLabel : ?, :subject, definition : ?) ::
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:prefLabel, prefLabel)
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:definition, definition)


======================================
==========~Dependency Pair~===========
======================================

Pattern
	skos:definition:1
	rdfs:label:1
	skos:prefLabel:1
occurs in
	http://example.org/Burger
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/Annotation
	http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/AnnotatedPizza

===~Suggested templates~===

[name63_1](:subject, prefLabel, definition, <label>) ::
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:prefLabel, prefLabel)
    x | t-rdf:Triple(:subject, rdfs:label, <label>)
    t-rdf:Triple(:subject, skos:definition, definition)

===~Lack of reuse~===

http://example.org/Burger has a lack of reuse of http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/Annotation
http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/AnnotatedPizza has a lack of reuse of http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/Annotation

9 Script

All the executable examples may be run with the script run.sh, this is its contents:

## write commands too
set -x
printf "\n\n\n"


## download jar files
if [ ! -f ./lutra.jar ];
then
  wget https://gitlab.com/ottr/lutra/lutra/builds/artifacts/v0.1.6/raw/lutra.jar?job=build_tags -O lutra.jar
fi

if [ ! -f ./findPatterns.jar ];
then
  wget http://folk.uio.no/martige/what/20180601/findPatterns.jar -O findPatterns.jar
fi
printf "\n\n\n"


## display CLI
java -jar lutra.jar
printf "\n\n\n"


## convert to stOTTR serialisation
java -jar lutra.jar -stottr -in tpl/intro/SubClassOf1
printf "\n\n\n"


## expand instances
java -jar lutra.jar -expand -in inst/intro/SubClassOf1Instances
printf "\n\n\n"


## expand template definition
java -jar lutra.jar -expand -in tpl/intro/SubClassOf1
printf "\n\n\n"


## types: stOTTR serialisation
java -jar lutra.jar -stottr -in tpl/types/SubClassOf3.ttl -out tpl/types/SubClassOf3.ttl.stottr
cat tpl/types/SubClassOf3.ttl.stottr
printf "\n\n\n"


## type check
java -jar lutra.jar -expand -lib tpl/types -in inst/types/SubClassOf3Instances -out inst/types/SubClassOf3Instances.out
printf "\n\n\n"


## type expansion
cat inst/types/SubClassOf3Instances.out
printf "\n\n\n"


## type error
java -jar lutra.jar -expand -lib tpl/types -in inst/types/SubClassOf3Instances2
printf "\n\n\n"


## cardinality: optional
java -jar lutra.jar -expand -in inst/card/ResourceDescriptionInstances
printf "\n\n\n"


## cardinality: multiple
java -jar lutra.jar -expand -in inst/card/EquivObjectUnionOfInstances
printf "\n\n\n"


## mode test1
java -jar lutra.jar -quiet -expand -lib tpl/mode -in tpl/mode/SubClassOf1Instances
printf "\n\n\n"


## mode test2
java -jar lutra.jar -quiet -expand -lib tpl/mode -in tpl/mode/SubClassOf2Instances
printf "\n\n\n"


## mode test3
java -jar lutra.jar -quiet -expand -lib tpl/mode -in tpl/mode/SubClassOf3Instances
printf "\n\n\n"


## pizza stottr
java -jar lutra.jar -stottr -in http://draft.ottr.xyz/pizza/NamedPizza
printf "\n\n\n"


## pizza instances
java -jar lutra.jar -expand -in tpl/pizza/NamedPizzaInstances
printf "\n\n\n"


## pizza tabOTTR
java -jar lutra.jar -tabottr -in tab/NamedPizza-instances.xlsx
printf "\n\n\n"


## find redundancies, restricted to demo-paper patterns
java -jar findPatterns.jar -p redundancy-templates/
printf "\n\n\n"


## find redundancies, all
java -jar findPatterns.jar -p redundancy-templates/
printf "\n\n\n"

Table of Contents

Practical Ontology Pattern Instantiation, Discovery, and Maintanence with Reasonable Ontology Templates

1 Introduction

1.1 OTTR Serialisations

1.1.1 stOTTR

1.1.2 wOTTR

1.1.3 tabOTTR

1.2 OTTR library and online web application

1.3 Prefixes

2 Templates and Instances

Simple template

Simple template instances

3 Lutra

The Lutra CLI

Converting to stOTTR serialisation

Expanding simple template instances

Expanding Template definition

4 Parameter Types and Type checking

Declaring parameter types

5 Cardinalities

Optional parameters

Parameters with cardinality multiple

6 Expansion Modes

Expansion mode

7 Combining features: NamedPizza

NamedPizza

7.1 tabOTTR

NamedPizza tabular input

7.2 Generated formats from OTTR templates

Other formats from templates

8 Finding Redundancies

Analysis of example patterns

Analysis of all patterns

9 Script